# Application field

Application Field:
Structural fire resistance model - Simplified


Application Field:
Structural fire resistance model - Advanced


# Fire Design Softwares

Description:
Calculation of the temperature in a steel member heaten up by 1 to 5 local fire sources. Based on EN 1991-1-2, prEN 1993-1-2 and the ECSC projects "Large Compartment" & "Closed Car Parks".


Description:
Calculation of the parametric temperature-time curves in a compartment and the temperature of a protected and unprotected steel member submitted to that parametric temperature-time curve. Based on EN 1991-1-2 Annex A and prEN 1993-1-2.

Formulation used:
See EN 1991-1-2 Annex A and prEN 1993-1-2

Assumptions adopted:
It is assumed that the fire load of the compartment is completely burnt out.
If fire load densities are specified without specific consideration to the combustion behaviour, then 
this approach should be limited to fire compartments with mainly cellulosic type fire loads.

Limitations:
The temperature-time curves used are valid for fire compartments up to 500 m2 of floor area, without openings in the roof and for a maximum height of 4 m.

User´s Guide:
See EN 1991-1-2 Annex A and prEN 1993-1-2

Technical guides:
See EN 1991-1-2 Annex A and prEN 1993-1-2

Paper and Articles:
See EN 1991-1-2 Annex A and prEN 1993-1-2

Inputs/Output reporting:
The input and output reporting is given by simple excel files


Description:
Calculation of the temperature field in the steel section under the ceiling in function of the time and on the radial distance from the fire. Based on the report EUR 18868 "Development of design rules for steel structures submitted to natural fires in large compartments".


Description:
A multi-room zone model fully integrated with a flame spread and fire growth model applicable to room fire scenarios.


Description:
Two-layer zone model for multi-storey, multiroom smokes transport


Description:
Zone model for compartment fires, particularly liquid hydrocarbon pool fires


Description:
Single room postflashover compartment model


Organisation/s:
NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology

System requirements:
A 386 or later compatible PC; 4 MB of free extended memory; VGA compatible graphics display.

Contact Information:
www.fast.nist.gov 
Contact with Walter W. Jones by e-mail wwj@nist.gov

Description:
FAST is a collection of procedures, which builds on the computer model CFAST to provide a engineering estimation of fire hazard in compartment structures. The major functions provided include calculation of:

- The production of enthalpy and mass (smoke and gases) by one or more burning objects in one room, based on small or large scale measurements.
- The buoyancy-driven as well as forced transport of this energy and mass through a series of specified rooms and connections (doors, windows, ducts,…).
- The resulting temperatures, smoke optical densities, and gas concentration after accounting for heat transfer to surfaces and dilution by mixing with clean air.

CFAST is a two-zone model used to calculate the evolving distribution of smoke and fire gases and the temperature throughout a building during a fire. Version 3.1.6 models up to 30 compartments, a fan and duct system for each compartment, 31 individual fires, up to one flame-spread object, multiple plumes and fires, multiple sprinklers and detectors, and the ten species considered most important in toxicity of fires including the effective fatal dose. The geometry includes variable area-height relations, ignition of multiple objects such as furniture, thermophysical and pyrolysis databases, multi-layered walls, ignition through barriers and vents, wind, the stack effect, building leakage, and flow through holes in floor-ceilings connections.

Formulation used:
CFAST is based on solving a set of equations that predict the state variables (pressure, temperature and so on) based on enthalpy and mass flux over small increments of time. These equations are derived from the conservation equations for energy mass, and momentum, and the ideal gas law. The errors, which might be made, cannot come from these equations, but rather come from numerical representation of the equations or from simplifying assumptions.

Assumptions adopted:
The basic assumption of all zone fire models is that each room can be divided into a small number of control volumes, each of which is internally uniform in temperature and composition. Within CFAST, all rooms have two zones except the fire room, which has additional zones for the fire plume and ceiling jet, which are calculated separately to account for mass and heat transfer between the zones and between the zones and compartment surfaces. To simulate the fire growth, the system utilises a user specified fire, expressed in terms of time specified rates of energy and mass released by the burning item(s). Individual determinations are made for both incapacitation and lethality from temperature and toxicity, along with potential incapacitation from burns due to flux exposure.

Limitations:
The CFAST model does not include a fire growth model. No interactions between temperature and toxicity are currently included.

User´s Guide:
User’s guide for FAST: Engineering tools for stimating fire growth and smoke transport NIST-SP-921; 200 p. March 2000.
Peacock, R. D.; Reneke, P. A.; Jones, W. W.; Bukowski, R. W.; Forney, G. P.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov
User´s guide for CFAST Version 1.6.
NISTIR-4985; 106 p. December 1992.
Portier, R. W.; Reneke, P. A.; Jones, W. W.; Peacock, R. D.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov

Technical guides:
Technical reference for CFAST: an engineering tool for estimating fire and smoke transport. NIST TN 1431; 190 p. March 200.
Jones, W. W.; Forney, G. P.; Peacock, R. D.; Reneke, P. A.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov

Paper and Articles:
"A review of four compartment fires with four compartment fire models", Deal, S. Fire safety Developments and Testing, Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Association. October 21-24, 1990, Ponte Verde Beach, Florida, 33-51.
"Verification of a model of fire and smoke transport", Peacock, R. D.; Jones, W. W.; Bukowsky, R. W. Fire Safety Journal., 21 89-129 (1993).
"The accuracy of computer fire models: some comparisons with experimental data from Australia", Duong, D. Q. Fire Safety Journal 1990, 16(6), 415-431.
"Comparison of fire model predictions with experiments conducted in a hangar with a 15 m ceiling", Davis, W. D.; Notarianni, K. A.; McGrattan, K. B. NIST, NISTIR 5927 (1996).


Description:
Uses FIRIN, including complex vent systems


Description:
Uses CFAST model with improved visualisation


Description:
Multiroom zone model with several submodels


Description:
Multiroom zone model with ducts, fans and filters


Description:
Single compartment zone model with vents


Description:
Two-zone model for nuclear power stations


Description:
Multiroom zone model, smoke movement and thermal load on structures


Description:
Single compartment zone model focused to the response of the structures


Organisation/s:
University of Liege, Inst. de Mécanique el Génie Civil, 1, Chemin des Chevreuils, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.

Contact Information:
www.ulg.ac.be
Jean Marc Franssen jm.franssen@ulg.ac.be or 
J. F. Cadorin jf.cadorin@ulg.ac.be

Description:
The computer code Ozone V2 has been developed to help engineers in designing structural elements submitted to compartment fires. The code is based on several recent developments, in compartment fire modelling on one hand and on the effect of localised fires on structures on the other hand. It includes a simple compartment fire model that combines a two-zone model and a one-zone model. It also takes into account the localised effect of a fire with the help of Hasemi´s model. Thus it is a pre- and post- flashover model. It calculates the temperature of a steel section submitted to that compartment fire and, finally, evaluates the fire resistance of simple steel elements, according to EC3 ENV 1993-1-2. It has been developed in the scope of two European researches “Competitive Steel Buildings through Natural fire safety Concept” and “Natural Fire Safety Concepts – Full Scale Test, Implementation in the Eurocodes and Development of an User Friendly design tool”. In Ozone several improvements have been made: the wall model is made by finite element (is implicit) and two different combustion models have been developed to cover different situations of use of the code.

Formulation used:
Numerical two-zone models are based on eleven physical variables. These variables are linked by six constraints and four differential equations describing the mass and energy balances in each zone. The mass balance equation express the variation of the mass of the gas of each zone, that is equal to the mass of combustion gases created by the fire, plus the mass coming into the compartment through the vents minus the mass going out of the compartment through the vents. The energy balance equation expresses the balance between the energy generated in the compartment by the combustion and the way in which this energy is consumed: by the heating of the gases in the compartment, by the mass loss of hot air through the openings (Including a negative term accounting for the energy of incoming air), by the radiation loss through the openings and by the heating of the partitions. In the case of one zone model, the number of variables is reduced to six, the number of constraints to four and the differential equations to two. Ozone includes a partition model and two combustion models.

Assumptions adopted:
The main hypothesis in zone models is that the compartment is divided in zones in which the temperature distribution is uniform at any time. In one-zone models, the temperature is considered uniform within the whole compartment. This type of model is thus valid in case of fully developed fires, contrary to two-zone models, which are valid in case of localised fires. In this last model there are a hot layer which is close to the ceiling and a cold layer closed to the floor.

Limitations:
Ozone does not include a pyrolisys model but includes two combustion models (external and extended flame models) that will modify the evolution of the Heat Release Rate curve (RHR – defined by the user) in function of the oxygen mass balance. The room geometry is restrained to four walls and three vents.

User´s Guide:
"The design Fire Tool Ozone V2.0" Theoretical Description and Validation On Experimental Fire Tests"
Rapport interne SPEC/2001_01 University of Liege, Belgium, June 2001.
J. F. Cadorin; J. M. Franssen; D. Pintea.
Available in: www.ulg.ac.be

Paper and Articles:
"Competitive steel buildings through natural fire safety concepts"
Part 2: Natural fire models - The one zone model OZone, Final report
CEC Agreement 7210-SA/125/126/213/214/323/423/522/623/839/937.
Profil ARBED, March 1999.
Available by contact: ecsc-steel@cec.eu.int 
"Natural Fire Safety Concepts- Full Scale Test, Implementation in the Eurocodes and Development of an User Friendly design tool"
Part 2: Natural fire models - The one zone model OZone, Final report
CEC Agreement 7210-PA/PB/PC/PE/PF/PR-060.
Draft final report, December 2000.
Available by contact: ecsc-steel@cec.eu.int
"On the application field of Ozone V2"
Rapport interne NºM&S/2002-003 University of Liege, Belgium, 2002.
J. F. Cadorin
"Compartment fire models for structural engineering"
Doctoral thesis of J. F. Cadorin University of Liege.
J. F. Cadorin
Available in: www.ulg.ac.be


Description:
Zone model incorporating an immersing ceiling jet within the buoyant layer, sprinklers and vents


Description:
One layer zone model for transport of smoke in buildings


Description:
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. The software solves numerically a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriated for low-speed, thermally driven-flow with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires. FDS has been aimed at solving practical fire problems in fire protection engineering and at the same time providing a tool to study fundamental fire dynamics and combustion.

Formulation used:
An approximate form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low Mach number applications is used in the model. The approximation involves the filtering out of acoustic waves while allowing for large variations in temperature and density. This gives the equations an elliptic character, consistent with low speed, thermal convective processes. The computation can either be treated as a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), in which dissipative terms are computed directly, or as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), in which the large-scale eddies are computed directly and the sub-grid scale dissipative processes are modelled. The choice of DNS or LES depends on the objective of the calculation and the resolution of the computational grid. There are two combustion models used in FDS. For a DNS calculation where the diffusion of the fuel and oxygen can be modelled directly, a global one step, finite rate chemical reaction is most appropriate. In a LES calculation where the grid is not fine enough to solve the diffusion of the fuel and oxygen, a mixture fraction-based combustion model is used.

Assumptions adopted:
The low Mach number equations are solved numerically by dividing the physical space where the fire is to be simulated into a large number of rectangular cells. Within each cell the gas velocity, temperature, etc, are assumed to be uniform, changing only with time. The accuracy with which the fire dynamics can be simulated depends on the number of cells incorporated into simulation.

Limitations:
The calculations must be performed within a domain that is made up of rectangular blocks, each with his rectilinear grid. Non rectangular domains cannot be modelled. FDS do not have a pre-processor, a text input data file generation is required (non user friendly).

User´s Guide:
"Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 3) - User´s Guide"
NISTIR 6784 2002.
McGrattan K. B., Forney G. P., Floyd J. E., Hostikka S. And Prasad K.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov
“User´s Guide for Smokeview Version 3.1 – A Tool for Visualising Fire Dynamics Simula-
tion Data”
NISTIR 6980 2003.
Forney G. P. and McGrattan K. B.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov

Technical guides:
"Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 3) "Technical reference Guide"
NISTIR 6783 2002.
McGrattan K. B., Baum H. R., Rehm R. G., Hamins A., Forney G. P., Floyd J. E., Hostikka S. and Prasad K.
Available in: www.fire.nist.gov

Paper and Articles:
Papers and examples are availables in www.fire.nist.gov


Description:
CFD model with water sprays and coupled to solid/liquid phase fuel to predict the burning rate and extinguish process


Description:
One room field model for describing the interaction of sprinkler sprays with fire gases with forced or natural ventilation


Description:
CFD model for fire linked to a finite element code for thermal responses of the structures


Description:
CFD model for heat transfer and smoke spread


Description:
CFD model for one or two compartments, includes time response of thermocouples


Description:
Two dimensional field model for the transient calculation of smoke movement


Description:
CFD model for heat transfer and smoke spread in a tunnel


Description:
Field model for describing the interaction of sprinkler sprays with fire gases


Description:
Field model for outdoors and indoor fires


Description:
Composite beam fire design according to Eurocode 4


Description:
Composite column fire design according to Eurocode 4


Description:
Fire resistant model for reinforced concrete columns with circular cross section


Description:
Fire resistance of circular hollow steel sections filled with plain concrete


Description:
Fire resistance of steel structural elements according Eurocode 3


Description:
Calculation of design resistances for composite members exposed to fire by using the simple calculation models of the EN 1994-1-2


Description:
Fire resistance of insulated circular hollow steel columns


Description:
Fire resistance of circular concrete-filled tubular steel sections


Description:
Fire resistance of concrete filled hollow section  - based in annex G of Eurocode 4


Description:
Fire resistance model for reinforced concrete columns with rectangular cross section


Description:
Fire resistance of insulated rectangular hollow steel columns


Description:
Fire resistant model for square reinforced concrete columns


Description:
Fire resistance of protected W-shape steel columns


Description:
BoFire is a transient, non-linear, incremental computer code based on the finite element method. For the material properties the thermal and mechanical definitions of ENV 1994-1-2 are implemented. Steel, concrete and composite steel and concrete structures can be analysed.


Description:
This program is for analysing the fire resistance of reinforced or prestressed concrete floor systems


Description:
Mechanical resistance of sections at elevated temperatures


Description:
Temperatures of multilayer slabs during exposure to fire


Description:
Mechanical resistance model for structural element exposed to fire


Description:
Finite element heat transfer for 1 , 2 or 3D conduction


Description:
Transient temperature development in a heated slab composed of one or several materials.


Description:
Mechanical behaviour of steel structures exposed to fire


Description:
Transient and mechanical analysis of structures exposed to fire


Description:
Structural analysis of metal-plate connected wood trusses exposed to fire


Description:
Mechanical behaviour of steel and concrete composite structures submitted to fire


Description:
Transient conduction in heated solid elements


Description:
Three-dimensional finite-volume model, integrated into JASMINE and SOFIE, for calculating the thermal response of structural elements to fire gases


Description:
Finite element code for temperature analysis of structures exposed to fire


Description:
Two dimensional temperature distributions for fire exposed concrete slab/beam assemblies


Description:
Fire resistance of concrete slabs and floor systems


Description:
Three-dimensional frame analysis program, which has been developed mainly to model the behaviour of skeletal steel and composite frames, including the floor slabs, under fire conditions


Description:
Model for predicting heat transfer through wood-stud walls exposed to fire


Description:
Movement of the people in complex geometry, including smoke and fire spread factors


Description:
Emergency egress model that incorporates a stochastic model of the human decision


Description:
Evacuation of multi-storey buildings via staircases


Description:
Egress model for complex geometry including visualisation


Description:
Egress model including sprinkler and detectors activation


Description:
Evacuation of multi-storey buildings via elevators


Description:
Evacuation model for determining the optimal design


Description:
Node and arc type egress model with people behaviour included


Description:
Egress simulation of the time required for occupants to clear each floor of multi-storey buildings and total building clearance time


Description:
Egress model with graphical outputs including obstructions


Description:
Simulation Software of Pedestrian Movements- 3D visualisation


Description:
Calculates thermal detector activation time under unconfined ceilings, arbitrary fire


Description:
Calculates thermal detector activation time under unconfined ceilings, t2 fire


Description:
Set of engineering equations useful in estimating potential fire hazard and the response of the space and fire protection systems to the developing hazard.


Description:
A Model for the Prediction of Detector Activation and Gas Temperature in the Presence of a Smoke Layer


Description:
Response of sprinkler links in compartment fires with curtains and ceiling vents


Description:
Response of sprinklers and fire detectors under unconfined ceilings


Description:
Sprinkler particle-tracking model, integrated into JASMINE, for evaluating the effect of sprinklers on fire gases


Description:
Sprinkler response for high-rack storage fires


Description:
Economic optimisation of code compliance measures


Description:
Package of models including a zone model


Description:
Dispersion of contaminants in a network of compartments with forced ventilation


Description:
CFD model combined with analytical models


Description:
Fire zone model with egress and risk assessment


Description:
Risk assessment model that include a suite of correlations


Description:
Determinates the water demand necessary to extinguish a fire


Description:
Package of program for working under performance based codes


Description:
Simple zone models combined with empirical correlation


Description:
Zone model with extensive egress capabilities


Description:
Integrated fire interface to zone and CFD models, and egress and risk simulation models


Description:
Expected risk to life and costs associated to fire


Description:
Smoke movement trough air-conditioning systems


Description:
Predicts the burning rate and spread rate of a fire ignited on a wall


Description:
Calculation of Fractional Effective Dose (FED) from smoke layer species concentrations


Description:
Predicts upward flame spread and growth on non-charring and charring materials


Description:
Calculation of heat transfer from window fire plume to wall above window


